Amounts and proportions

# Amounts and Proportions

**Session 4**

]

---

# Plan for today

.box-1.medium.sp-after-half[Reproducibility]

.box-3.medium.sp-after-half[Amounts]

.box-5.medium.sp-after-half[Proportions]

---

name: reproducibility
class: center middle section-title section-title-1 animated fadeIn

# Reproducibility

---

---

# Why am I making you learn R?

.box-inv-1.sp-after[Pivot Tables do the same thing!]

.center[
<figure>
 <img src="img/04/pivot-table.png" alt="Lord of the Rings PivotTable" title="Lord of the Rings PivotTable" width="80%">
</figure>
]

---

# Why am I making you learn R?

&nbsp;

.box-inv-1.medium[More powerful]

.box-inv-1.medium[Free and open source]

.box-inv-1.medium.sp-after[Reproducibility]

---

# Austerity and Excel

]

.pull-right.center[

<figure>
 <img src="img/04/path-to-prosperity.jpg" alt="The Path to Prosperity 2013 house budget" title="The Path to Prosperity 2013 house budget" width="65%">
 <figcaption>Paul Ryan's 2013 House budget resolution</figcaption>
</figure>

]

???

[2013 House Budget Resolution](https://republicans-budget.house.gov/uploadedfiles/pathtoprosperity2013.pdf)

---

# Austerity and Excel

.pull-left.center[

<figure>
 <img src="img/04/thomas-herndon.jpg" alt="Thomas Herndon" title="Thomas Herndon" width="55%">
 <figcaption>Thomas Herndon</figcaption>
</figure>

]

.pull-right.center[

<figure>
 <img src="img/04/krugman-allowed.png" alt="Paul Krugman on Excel and reproducibility" title="Paul Krugman on Excel and reproducibility" width="100%">
 <figcaption>From <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/19/opinion/krugman-the-excel-depression.html" target="_blank">Paul Krugman, "The Excel Depression"</a></figcaption>
</figure>

]

???

[Paul Krugman on the reproducibility crisis](https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/19/opinion/krugman-the-excel-depression.html)

---

# Austerity and Excel

.center[
<figure>
 <img src="img/04/rr-table1.png" alt="Reinhart Rogoff Table 1" title="Reinhart Rogoff Table 1" width="47%">
</figure>
]

---

# Genes and Excel

.center.sp-after[
<figure>
 <img src="img/04/excel-numbers.png" alt="Numbers in Excel" title="Numbers in Excel" width="40%">
</figure>
]

---

# General guidelines

.box-inv-1.medium[Don't touch the raw data]

.box-inv-1.medium[Use self-documenting, reproducible code]

.box-inv-1.medium[Use open formats]

---

# R Markdown in real life

.pull-left.center[

<figure>
 <img src="img/04/airbnb.png" alt="Airbnb's data science tools" title="Airbnb's data science tools" width="100%">
 <figcaption><a href="https://peerj.com/preprints/3182.pdf" target="_blank">Airbnb, ggplot, and rmarkdown</a></figcaption>
</figure>

]

.pull-right.center[

&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="img/04/uk-short.png" alt="UK Statistics pipeline, short" title="UK Statistics pipeline, short" width="55%">
 <figcaption><a href="https://dataingovernment.blog.gov.uk/2017/03/27/reproducible-analytical-pipeline/" target="_blank">The UK's reproducible analysis pipeline</a></figcaption>
</figure>

]

???

https://peerj.com/preprints/3182.pdf + https://gdsdata.blog.gov.uk/2017/03/27/reproducible-analytical-pipeline/

---

layout: false
name: amounts
class: center middle section-title section-title-3 animated fadeIn

# Amounts

---

---

# Yay bar plots!

]

]

---

# Oh no bar plots!

.pull-left.center[

]

.pull-right.center[

]

???

https://blog.ed.gov/2014/10/progress-on-education-is-helping-fuel-our-economys-growth/ and https://www.mediamatters.org/fox-news/dishonest-fox-charts-obamacare-enrollment-edition and https://twitter.com/ObamaWhiteHouse/status/517743415375974401

---

# Start at zero

.box-inv-3.medium.sp-after[The entire line length matters, so don't truncate it!]

.box-3.large.sp-after[Always start at 0]

.box-inv-3.sp-after[(Or don't use bars)]

---

# Bar plots and summary statistics

.box-inv-3.medium[\#barbarplots]

.center[
<video controls>
 <source src="https://datavizm20.s3.amazonaws.com/barbarcharts.mp4" type="video/mp4">
 <figcaption><a href="https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1474588473/barbarplots" target="_blank">See the original at Kickstarter</a> if the video doesn't work in your browser</figcaption>
</video>
]

???

[\#barbarplot Kickstarter campaign](https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1474588473/barbarplots)

---

# Bar plots and summary statistics

]

]

---

# Show more data with strip plots

```r
ggplot(animals, 
       aes(x = animal_type, 
           y = weight, 
           color = animal_type)) +
  geom_point(position = position_jitter(height = 0),
             size = 1) +
  labs(x = NULL, y = "Weight") +
  guides(color = "none")
```
]

---

# Show more data with beeswarm plots

```r
library(ggbeeswarm)

ggplot(animals, aes(x = animal_type, 
                    y = weight, 
                    color = animal_type)) +
  geom_beeswarm(size = 1) +
  # Or try this too:
  # geom_quasirandom() +
  labs(x = NULL, y = "Weight") +
  guides(color = "none")
```
]

---

# Combine boxplots with points

```r
ggplot(animals, aes(x = animal_type, 
                    y = weight, 
                    color = animal_type)) +
  geom_boxplot(width = 0.5) +
  geom_point(position = position_jitter(height = 0), 
             size = 1, alpha = 0.5) +
  labs(x = NULL, y = "Weight") +
  guides(color = "none")
```
]

---

# Combine violins with points

```r
ggplot(animals, aes(x = animal_type, 
                    y = weight, 
                    color = animal_type)) +
  geom_violin(width = 0.5) +
  geom_point(position = position_jitter(height = 0), 
             size = 1, alpha = 0.5) +
  labs(x = NULL, y = "Weight") +
  guides(color = "none")
```
]

---

# Overlapping ridgeplots

```r
library(ggridges)

ggplot(animals, aes(x = weight, 
                    y = animal_type, 
                    fill = animal_type)) +
  geom_density_ridges() +
  labs(x = "Weight", y = NULL) +
  guides(fill = "none")
```
]

---

# General rules

.box-inv-3.medium[Bar charts always start at zero]

.box-inv-3.medium[Don't use bars for summary statistics. You throw away too much information.]

.box-inv-3.medium[The end of the bar is often all that matters]

---

# Lots of alternatives

.box-inv-3.SMALL[We'll use a summarized version of the gapminder dataset as an example]

.left-code.small-code[

```r
library(gapminder)
gapminder_continents <- gapminder %>% 
 filter(year == 2007) %>% # Only look at 2007
 count(continent) %>% # Get a count of continents
 arrange(desc(n)) %>% # Sort descendingly by count
 # Make continent into an ordered factor
 mutate(continent = fct_inorder(continent))

ggplot(gapminder_continents, 
       aes(x = continent, y = n, fill = continent)) +
  geom_col() +
  guides(fill = "none") +
  labs(x = NULL, y = "Number of countries")
```
]

![](04-slides_files/figure-html/gapminder-bars-1.png)

]

---

# Alternatives: Lollipop charts

```r
ggplot(gapminder_continents,
       aes(x = continent, y = n, 
           color = continent)) +
  geom_pointrange(aes(ymin = 0, ymax = n)) +
  guides(color = "none") +
  labs(x = NULL, y = "Number of countries")
```
]

![](04-slides_files/figure-html/lollipop-1.png)

]

---

# Alternatives: Waffle charts

```r
# This has to be installed in a special way--you can't use the Packages panel. 
# Run this in your console:
# devtools::install_github("hrbrmstr/waffle")
library(waffle)

ggplot(gapminder_continents,
       aes(x = continent, y = n, 
           fill = continent)) +
  geom_waffle(aes(values = n),  # geom_waffle() needs a special values aesthetic
              n_rows = 9,  # It has lots of other options too
              flip = TRUE, na.rm = TRUE) +
  labs(fill = NULL) +
  coord_equal() +  # Make all the squares square
  theme_void()  # Use a completely empty theme
```

]

![](04-slides_files/figure-html/waffle-1.png)

]

---

# Alternatives: Heatmaps

.center[
<figure>
 <img src="img/04/births-heatmap.png" alt="US births heatmap" title="US births heatmap" width="60%">
</figure>
]

---

layout: false
name: proportions
class: center middle section-title section-title-5 animated fadeIn

# Proportions

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---

# Why proportions?

.box-inv-5.sp-after[Sometimes we want to compare values across a whole population instead of looking at raw counts]

---

# Pie charts

]

]

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# Alternatives

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# Treemaps and mosaic plots

.box-inv-5[Treemaps with the [{treemapify}](https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/treemapify/vignettes/introduction-to-treemapify.html) package]

]

.box-inv-5[Mosaic plots with the [{ggmosaic}](https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ggmosaic/vignettes/ggmosaic.html) package]

]

---

# Alternatives

---

# Parliament plots

.box-inv-5[Parliament plots with the [{ggparliament}](https://github.com/RobWHickman/ggparliament) package]

.pull-left[
<figure>
 <img src="img/04/senate.png" alt="US Senate parliament plot" title="US Senate parliament plot" width="100%">
</figure>
]

.pull-right[
<figure>
 <img src="img/04/parliament.png" alt="UK parliament plot" title="UK parliament plot" width="100%">
</figure>
]